REPORT #1 from BOSNIA
By Peter Lippman
June 2, 2010
Kozarac,
Prijedor
Report index Report 1: Kozarac,
Prijedor. June 2, 2010 Report 2: Banja
Luka, Doboj. Tuzla
June 5, 2010 Report 3: Bijeljina,
June 16, 2010 Report 4:
Srebrenica and Bratunac,
June 18, 2010 Report 5:
Visegrad,
June 25, 2010 Report 6:
Roses and Walnuts,
June 28, 2010 Report 7:
Sarajevo and Travnik,
July 7, 2010 Report 8:
Srebrenica,
July 25, 2010 Report 9:
Herzegovina and wrap-up,
August 12, 2010
To contact Peter
in response to these reports or any of his articles,
.
Hello from Bosnia,
I’ve been in the country for two weeks and am herewith sending you
my first journal/report. Warning: while there are moments of joy in
Bosnia, a little of the following content may be gruesome.
*
I arrived in Sarajevo and
quickly started seeing old friends, making new acquaintances, and
setting up a couple of meetings. One worthwhile meeting was with Kurt
Bassuener of the
Democratization Policy Council, which perhaps could be
described as being on the fringe of the international community. Kurt
was friendly and forthcoming, and I consider his organization’s analysis
to provide a helpful insight to the workings of the i.c. with regard to
Bosnia-Herzegovina.
The international community has been struggling, long-term, to pressure
the Bosnian politicians into creating a more practical and reasonable
constitutional structure that can do away with ongoing political
obstruction. Kurt says, “The three sides, if they are to negotiate, have
three things in common: they want to keep what they’ve stolen, keep
stealing, and maintain their lack of accountability.”
This is a good portrayal of the mechanics of Bosnian politics. On the
other hand, adding some perspective, here’s what my friend Gordan, a
local grassroots activist in Tuzla, said to me last night about the
international community: “I want to stress that the officials of the
international community are not innocent in all this. They speak as if
they expect change, but they mainly support the members of the
government, which works against the interests of the citizens; they
never punish the politicians. They are responsible for what is going on
here, because they created the Dayton constitutional system. It is a
great hypocrisy!...if you had a population of Swedes, or anyone from any
other well-organized society, living under the present Bosnian system,
even they would not be able to solve our problems, because there are too
many possibilities to obstruct good governance. I don’t mean to
exonerate the Bosnian politicians, but the i.c. collaborates, morally
and legally, with their operations.”
In Sarajevo I was brought up to date with the sad situation of Bosnians
living in economic stagnation compounded by the worldwide economic
crisis, in an atmosphere of increasing political tension that is
customary in this year of national elections. But the tension is not
new; Serb prime minister of the Republika Srpska (RS) entity, Milorad
Dodik, has cranked up the tension through an ongoing series of clever,
well-focused maneuvers designed to heighten inter-ethnic fear and
suspicion. Bassuener says, “Dodik is the logical outcome of Dayton. We
have a situation of deterrent failure, because no rules apply here.”
Meanwhile, pensions are low, unemployment is high, and prices are
skyrocketing. My friend “Amira” in Tuzla says, “For three years my
pension has remained at around 300 KM. But three years ago, a kilo of
meat cost 7 KM, and now it is 15 KM.”
I have been hearing of people borrowing money from banks just to pay for
food.
KOZARAC
I
hurried up to Kozarac for the May 24 observance of the anniversary of
the first Serb attack on that town, when hundreds of people were killed,
thousands driven into concentration camps (Omarska, Keraterm,
Trnopolje), and the rest -- a total of around 25,000 -- expelled. Five
thousand homes in the area of Kozarac were destroyed. I have been
following return to Kozarac since 1998, when the town was a dismal and
foreboding place. Now Kozarac is a relatively pleasant place, where some
20% of the former (mainly Bosniak) population has returned. There has
been return to nearby Prijedor, the municipal seat, as well. The 80% of
people from Kozarac who now live abroad constitute a strong and
supportive diaspora. I was told that return to the Prijedor municipality
peaked in 2003, and since then, people have been leaving.
Participating in the commemoration activities, I had the chance for the
first time to visit Omarska and Trnopolje. At Omarska, I was rather
surprised to see that the notorious “white house,” where many prisoners
were tortured and killed, stands untouched. The international steel
company Mittal bought the Omarska mining complex several years ago and
operates it today, but has obstructed the placement of any kind of
memorial to the victims of the camp (notwithstanding a Dec./2005
announcement of intent to construct a memorial). They allow people to
come look at the white house, but the local authorities throw up
roadblocks to visits to the rest of the complex. Sadly, some local
(Bosniak) and international figures have -- to their own profit --
participated in confounding attempts to create a memorial, and the
project has been at a standstill for several years. (There was a petition to support the memorial project,
but it is no longer active on the Web; an archived version is available
here.)
Memorial gathering in
front of former Trnopolje concentration camp
Satko, a survivor from Omarska, says, “I live to tell.”
Satko took me and a group of German visitors to Omarska and told us his
story. Upon the fall of Kozarac, he was taken to the camp with his
father. Pointing to the biggest building of the complex, he said, “We
were in rooms in that building. From the windows, in the morning we
could see the bodies of people who had been killed that night… There is
a certain way that people scream when they know they are going to die.
“There was no way to know how to survive...There, in the room called the
“garage,” they crammed many people into a small room. No one could sit
down. It became so hot that the paint melted. One night, a man died
standing up. When people were allowed to move out of the room, they
noticed that he had died. And in the ‘white house, people were tortured
and killed nearly every night of that summer of 1992.”
The infamous “White House” at Omarska mining complex
“We had to run along this building to the restaurant there, for food. We
only received one meal a day, but since there were thousands of us here,
they were pretty much feeding people all the time. Sometimes they put
benches that we had to jump over or oil for us to slip on. The walkways
were often covered in blood that we had to clean up.”
At one point Satko was so weak that he could not move or talk. He
noticed that his father was crying. His father had not even cried when
his best friend was killed. Satko understood that his father thought
Satko was dying. He whispered to his father, “Dad, don’t cry. This is
your and my film. In a movie, the heroes always survive.”
One man, a local Serb named Mirko Amidzic, was also taken to Omarska
because he refused to cooperate with the new regime, saying, “These are
my people.” His father managed to get him out of the camp. Later he was
ordered to join the Bosnian Serb army, but he refused. Subsequently both
he and his parents were tortured, and Mirko died in 1995. His death was
called a suicide.
After foreign journalists including the valiant Ed Vulliamy discovered
the camps and informed the world, the camps were closed and some of the
prisoners were released and expelled from the Republika Srpska. Satko
was transferred to Manjaca camp, where he was held together with
thousands of other civilians. That camp was finally closed in December
of 1992, and Satko ended up in Western Europe.
Few of the perpetrators have been punished. Satko said, “Tadic, the
first person convicted for crimes here, killed some of his own friends.
He was sentenced to 20 years and served 15.” Meanwhile, 63 mass graves
of camp victims have been unearthed. About 20,000 people passed through
Trnopolje, and 3-4,000 through Omarska. It is estimated that between 900
and 1,000 people were killed in three months in 1992. Mass graves have
been found in Kevljani (456 people) and in Ljubija (around 370). At
Kevljani, the victims were interred six meters below the ground.
Satko recalls that a friend, commenting on his activism, once told him
that he has “survivor’s guilt.” He comments, “I do not have survivor’s
guilt. I have survivor’s responsibility.” He took us to visit the school
at Trnopolje, in a village on the outskirts of Omarska. Memorial
designations have been obstructed at that location as well; however,
Serb authorities constructed a large cross and memorial to fallen Serb
soldiers -- right in front of the school where so many Bosniak prisoners
had been abused.
Returning to Kozarac, we visited the “mezarje,” the local cemetery of
reburied Bosniak war victims. Satko said, “I am talking because I could
be lying here under the ground, and these people cannot talk anymore.”
Hundreds of posts mark the graves; one bore the name of a woman with the
dates: “1892-1992.”
Woman mourning at cemetery by Kozarac
By way of remarking on the lunacy of the whole war, Satko recounted,
“There was a UN soldier from Kenya who served with the NATO troops in
Croatia. He said, ‘I don’t understand what it was all about. They are
all white, and they all have water.’
That evening Satko and I had a drink together, and Satko was in a mood
to sing. I thought of my own occasional remark: "It's good to be alive."
I think that thought must have a very special meaning to Satko.
MORE KOZARAC
Kozarac, mostly Bosniak, feels like an enclave in the RS, an island of
Bosniaks in an otherwise ”ethnically-cleansed” area,
One night in Kozarac a waiter serves me a drink. He has a big tattoo in
Arabic, the word “Allah,” on his right forearm.
I spent a lot of time with my friend Ervin. Ervin was 18 at the
beginning of the war, and spent some time at Trnopolje. Upon his release
from Trnopolje he was expelled to central Bosnia, an area controlled by
the army of the government of Bosnia. He joined and fought in the 17th
Krajisnicka Brigada. This was a brigade of displaced men who fought as a
mobile forward operating force, wherever the Bosnian army needed them.
After the war Ervin returned to Kozarac, and since then he has been
working to implement very effective civic actions, including setting up
the web portal kozarac.ba. This provides the crucial communication link
between the return community and the diaspora. Ervin works with young
people, organizing sports and educational activities. In 2004, he and
Satko founded the “Optimisti 2004” foundation, which organized several
projects in Kozarac (such as the extensive reconstruction of sports
fields and a gym hall in the local school). To my mind, he is the best
example of a “pozitivac,” someone who thinks positively, does not
dwell on his own victimization, and strives to improve the lot of his
community. As such, Ervin and other pozitivci are the object of
much jealousy. Others in positions of power work to undermine Ervin’s
accomplishments, but he keeps going.
Ervin continued, “A person has the sun on one side of him, and his
shadow on the other. You can spend your life chasing your shadow, but
you will never catch it.”
Sitting at a kafana at the lower end of Kozarac, Ervin gestured
up the street to a workman repairing a house. “That man abused me when I
was a prisoner in the camp,” he said. Now he’s just a marginal figure. I
look at him and I think, ‘God, how the world has turned.’ If I can
ignore him, then I come out stronger. I don’t hate people. It’s not
because of them, but for my own sake, not to bear that burden.”
“I am for coexistence, but there are limits. One man, Mile Mutic from
Prijedor, was a warmonger on the radio in 1992. Recently, he came to
Prijedor and read poetry at a festival. It is as if Radovan Karadzic
came here to read poetry.”
Like everyone in Kozarac, Ervin is concerned about the search for the
remains of the rest of those killed during the war. He says, “We want to
know who killed whom, when and where that happened, and what the entire
chain of command was. The mass graves were created and the burials
organized during the war, when fuel was hard to come by.
“Can you imagine running a bulldozer and burying bodies all day, and
then coming home and asking, “What’s for dinner?”
“The investigation for missing people is being conducted in a backwards
fashion, without cooperation. The RS investigator looks for missing
people in Sarajevo, and the Muslim investigator from the Federation,
based in Bihac, looks for people here. They should cooperate; a crime is
a crime.”
I attended a meeting where the new DNA identification of 91 exhumed
remains of victims was announced. There was a fuss because of the
insensitive way that people were being informed, after 18 years, that
their loved ones had been found. One woman who heard the name of her son
fainted. Ervin criticized the speaker for saying that “bodies” were
identified, when in many cases it could just be one bone from someone’s
body.
Ervin drove me up to Kozara, another prominent place I had never gotten
around to visiting. Kozara is a prominent hill above Kozarac and
Prijedor, a memorial to a very significant battle in World War II.
There, in 1942, Germans had surrounded a local population, but with the
help of the Partisans, many fought their way out. The memorial, a tall
stack of concrete, is located at the top of a hill in the woods in a
very pleasant place. Around the stack there are slabs of concrete lying
down. Ervin told me that those represent defeated Germans. There is a
memorial museum there, but it appears to have been re-arranged to
portray only Serb defenders.
Kozara World War II monument on Mt. Kozara
near Kozarac
Driving back to Kozarac, Ervin told me that in the war, when they were
in the trenches, fighting, they would wear a scarf with perfume. At
night in bed, they would cover their faces with that scarf to feel
something gentler than real life.
PRIJEDOR
In Prijedor I visited Edin Ramulic, who works with the organization “Izvor,”
women survivors of the war who are seeking the remains of their loved
ones and calling for prosecution of the war criminals. Edin is a
stalwart activist in the community. He told me that of over three
thousand people who were listed as killed or missing in the entire
municipality, around two thousand have been exhumed and identified to
date.
Edin commented, “The Prijedor police have not helped us at all. They are
capable of doing police work; when our office was burglarized they
managed to find our computer. Some of them participated in the war
crimes. There are Bosniak returnees who are in the police, but they are
in the lower ranks. …The municipality has given 687,000 KM to the
organizations of demobilized RS soldiers, but nothing to us. They can
have a good life, but there is nothing for the children of the
disappeared.
“There are monuments or memorials for the Serb soldiers in front of all
the public institutions here, but the government obstructs the creation
of memorials for the victims on our side.”
Monument to fallen Serbs, placed in front of former Trnopolje
concentration camp
I asked Edin how he felt, living among his persecutors. He said, “Every
day I pass the Butik, which is owned by a person who led the police and
killed people. But I just pass by. People don’t react anymore.” I asked
him, “Does that mean things are a little normal than before?” He
answered, “Maybe it is too normal for what happened. For example, Branko
Topola was a guard in Trnopolje, He became the owner of a company that
installed gutters on houses, and he was rebuilding returnees’ houses.
Later he died. The father of the owner of the kafana nearby was a member
of the wartime ‘crisis staff;’ he killed people.”
Concerning the dilemma of the project for the memorial at Omarska, Edin
said, “In the RS, they insist that such a memorial may not be created
until there is a state-level law regarding memorials and the language
contained. Meanwhile, they have been posting memorials for their
soldiers everywhere, even in places where there was no fighting.
“However, for us, it is more of a priority to see the war criminals
imprisoned. Memorials are not the priority. That is not where the real
message gets through -- it is a message meant only for the victims, and
the message from each side just bypasses the other side. So the function
of the monument is lost. We need an institution here in the city, where
people can study the history and see the evidence.”
I asked Edin if he would call the situation in Prijedor apartheid for
the Bosniaks, or something else, something more mild. He answered, “Yes,
it is that way it is in employment, and in the treatment of the victims
of the war. Returnees who have companies must be much more organized
with their books and payment of taxes. The police are much more tolerant
towards the Serbs. The only employment for returnees here is in private
companies, with relatives.” His colleague commented that her two grown
sons were unable to find jobs.
“It is not so bad in the schools, although the education is very
nationalist,” he continued. “Slobodan Kuruzovic was the director of the
schools until he died. During the war he was the head commander at
Trnopolje camp. Returnees are only ten percent minority. So all they can
do is stay quiet and put up with the situation.
*
Prijedor these days feels like a very pleasant place, with its restored
central pedestrian walkway adorned with attractive fountains and always
populated by people walking, seeing and being seen. Young people are
decked out in their finest, enjoying the prime of their life. Mothers
show off their babies. (Older people, however, look worn out.) The
atmosphere indeed seems more relaxed compared to earlier postwar years.
A casual visitor could only be pleased to spend a little time in the
town. But my local friends described it all as “shminka”
(makeup), in a place where ordinary people concentrate on finding jobs,
and disappointment is the most common attitude. But apathy reigns, says
my friend “Mirsad.” He is an activist, formerly with “pokret Dosta!”
(“Dosta” means “enough,” something like “basta” in Spanish).
Mirsad says, “These days, nationalism is only for the little people. The
big politicians are just criminals; corruption is their real work. Dodik
is not even a nationalist, but he raises tension along national lines
among uneducated people in this election year.”
Mirsad researched the monuments to the dead in every local community in
Prijedor municipality. “There were perhaps around 100 Serbs killed, not
more. But there is a monument to them in every neighborhood, even to
people who were not killed in this municipality. The Serb veterans
organizations would not help me; they refused to work with me. One
member even threatened to beat me up.”
Mirsad says, “To me Prijedor is the dearest city in the world, but there
is discrimination here. There is in Sarajevo as well, but nowhere near
what there is here. Tuzla is great. There, people work together and
tease each other on the basis of their ethnicity, and everyone
understands that it is just a joke. Bihac is good too.
“I have been looking for work. I got indirect invitations to join
various political parties, but I wouldn’t do it. I have a friend who
went to Banja Luka and applied for work as an English teacher. Her
application got to the level where Dodik said she had to join his party
-- his control has gotten to such extremes. She joined the party and got
the job.
“I finished a degree in sociology; I am a professor of sociology. But I
can’t get a job. All the criteria are reversed. Religion should be a
personal thing, but now they are teaching it in the kindergartens.”
Friends in Prijedor explained to me the situation of many people who
have co-signed on bank loans, after I noticed headlines in the news
about this problem. People take out a loan and then default, and the
co-signer is stuck with the debt. Bankers have been forging people’s
signatures. It happens that someone will take out a loan for 5,000 KM,
then someone will add a zero, making it 50,000 KM. There is an
organization in Prijedor called the Association of Swindled Co-signers.
So, behind the pleasant atmosphere of “too much normality,” post-war
suffering goes on, with some innovations. If all history is local, each
locality has its own predominant interpretation. Most people do not see
the whole truth. To make matters worse, a few people in the beleaguered
minority return communities collaborate with the local powers, retaining
their positions and profiting off of the suffering of their constituency
by whitewashing it.
